Meningitis and Meningococcal Infection
Meningitis is an inflammation of the membrane overlying the brain. This illness can be caused by a bacterium, virus or fungus, with meningococcal meningitis being of most concern to travellers.
Meningococcal meningitis is a serious bacterial infection that can rapidly become a life-threatening illness. Transmission is by person-to-person droplet infection, the same way you catch a cold. Transmission can also occur from asymptomatic carriers.
In Australia, the incidence of meningococcal disease has fallen since the introduction of MenACWY vaccine in 2017 and its subsequent introduction onto the National Immunisation Program. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by serogroup B continues to occur in Australia. Vaccination for the meningococcal B strain is available and can be given from infancy. In some states of Australia, it is included in the childhood vaccine schedule.
For travellers, the principal region of high risk is in the ‘Meningitis Belt’ of sub-Saharan Africa: Senegal, Mauritania and Ghana, across to Ethiopia. There is a seasonal influence, with most outbreaks occurring during the dry season from December to June.
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Symptoms
Typical symptoms of meningitis include headache, neck stiffness and fever. The presence of a rash usually signifies severe disease.
Prevention
Vaccination is strongly urged for travellers to at-risk destinations, particularly those without access to reliable medical care. Vaccination may also be considered for young people staying extensively in crowded hostels or university accommodation.
Current vaccines offer excellent protection against the A, C, W and Y meningococcal strains. The quadrivalent ACWY vaccine is a legal requirement for Hajj and Umrah pilgrims.
Treatment
Early treatment with appropriate antibiotics is critical to preventing death and permanent defects such as deafness and brain damage. The risk to travellers is generally small but will depend upon the time spent in high-risk areas and contact with the local population. Even with appropriate treatment, 10% of cases experience long-term complications and even death. Close contacts of confirmed meningococcal cases are required to undergo a course of antibiotics to protect them from developing the infection.
Destinations
The following destinations are known to contain this disease:
Disclaimer: The following information is intended as a guide only and is not intended to replace professional medical advice.
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